In certain situations, police officers are authorized to use deadly force, and since the beginning of 2020, more than 6,000 people in the U.S. have been killed by American law enforcement.
Nationwide, there have been approximately 1.8 police killings for every 100,000 people in the last five years — but in some parts of the country, deadly police violence is far more common.
Law enforcement is one of the most dangerous jobs in the United States. Responsible for preventing crime and arresting suspects, police officers are regularly put in potentially volatile and dangerous situations. According to the FBI, 1,023 American police men and women were killed on duty in the last decade, and more than 79,000 were assaulted in 2023 alone.
Because of the nature of their work, police typically carry a firearm, which they are authorized to use in cases where officers or members of the public are in imminent danger. While the circumstances in which police use of deadly force can be justified are well defined. But, in practice, officers often have to make split-second judgement calls — often based on limited information. (Here is a look at the most commonly used police firearms.)
Between January 2020 and October 2024, more than 6,000 people have been killed by law enforcement officials — both on duty and off — in the United States. Many of these killings have been deemed justifiable. Others, meanwhile, were accidental, and some stand as clear examples of abuses of power.
Using data from Mapping Police Violence, a research collaborative that collects data on police killings, 24/7 Wall St. identified the states with the most police killings. States are ranked by the number of people killed by police officers from January 2020 through October 2024 for every 100,000 people. Population data used to calculate the rate of police killings are 2023 estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau’s American Community Survey.
Across the 50 states, the number of people killed by police since the beginning of 2020 ranges from fewer than 10 to more than 700. Adjusting for population, the rate of police killings by state ranges from 0.5 for every 100,000 people to 6.3 per 100,000. For context, there were about 1.8 police killings per 100,000 people across the U.S. over the same period. (Here is a look at the states with the most gun-related crime.)
Nationwide, about 20% of those killed by police since January 2020 displayed signs of mental illness, and nearly 17% of Americans killed at the hands of police were unarmed. It is important to note that, despite these circumstances, many of these killings that are not still under investigation were deemed justified by oversight officials.
From a demographic perspective, the vast majority of those killed by police — nearly 94% — were men. Additionally, about 41% of Americans killed by law enforcement were white, 24% were Black, 18% were Hispanic, and fewer than 2% were Asian or Native American. These demographic ratios can vary considerably by state, however.
These are the states with the most known police killings.
Why It Matters
Law enforcement is one of the most dangerous jobs in the United States — and due to the nature of the work, police are authorized to use deadly force in certain situations. While most police killings are deemed justifiable, many are accidental or clear cases of abuse of power. Right or wrong, police use of deadly force is far more common in some states than in others.
50. Rhode Island
Documented police killings, Jan. 2020 – Oct. 2024: 0.5 per 100,000 people (5 total)
Gender of those killed: 100% male, 0% female
Race/ethnicity of those killed: 100% White, 0% Black, 0% Hispanic, 0% Native American, 0% Asian
Share of those killed with signs of a mental illness: 20.0% — 24th lowest of 50 states
Share of those killed who were unarmed: 20.0% — 12th highest of 50 states
49. Massachusetts
Documented police killings, Jan. 2020 – Oct. 2024: 0.5 per 100,000 people (33 total)
Gender of those killed: 87.9% male, 12.1% female
Race/ethnicity of those killed: 60.6% White, 24.2% Black, 6.1% Hispanic, 0% Native American, 6.1% Asian
Share of those killed with signs of a mental illness: 36.4% — 2nd highest of 50 states
Share of those killed who were unarmed: 18.2% — 16th highest of 50 states
48. Connecticut
Documented police killings, Jan. 2020 – Oct. 2024: 0.7 per 100,000 people (24 total)
Gender of those killed: 91.7% male, 8.3% female
Race/ethnicity of those killed: 37.5% White, 37.5% Black, 25.0% Hispanic, 0% Native American, 0% Asian
Share of those killed with signs of a mental illness: 20.8% — 25th highest of 50 states
Share of those killed who were unarmed: 37.5% — 2nd highest of 50 states
47. New Jersey
Documented police killings, Jan. 2020 – Oct. 2024: 0.7 per 100,000 people (67 total)
Gender of those killed: 91.0% male, 9.0% female
Race/ethnicity of those killed: 31.3% White, 26.9% Black, 14.9% Hispanic, 0% Native American, 7.5% Asian
Share of those killed with signs of a mental illness: 23.9% — 14th highest of 50 states
Share of those killed who were unarmed: 37.3% — 3rd highest of 50 states
46. New York
Documented police killings, Jan. 2020 – Oct. 2024: 0.8 per 100,000 people (148 total)
Gender of those killed: 90.5% male, 9.5% female
Race/ethnicity of those killed: 31.8% White, 40.5% Black, 10.1% Hispanic, 0% Native American, 3.4% Asian
Share of those killed with signs of a mental illness: 26.4% — 8th highest of 50 states
Share of those killed who were unarmed: 29.1% — 5th highest of 50 states
45. Minnesota
Documented police killings, Jan. 2020 – Oct. 2024: 0.9 per 100,000 people (53 total)
Gender of those killed: 94.3% male, 5.7% female
Race/ethnicity of those killed: 56.6% White, 28.3% Black, 3.8% Hispanic, 1.9% Native American, 3.8% Asian
Share of those killed with signs of a mental illness: 20.8% — 25th lowest of 50 states
Share of those killed who were unarmed: 11.3% — 11th lowest of 50 states
44. Pennsylvania
Documented police killings, Jan. 2020 – Oct. 2024: 1.0 per 100,000 people (136 total)
Gender of those killed: 91.9% male, 6.6% female
Race/ethnicity of those killed: 53.7% White, 25.0% Black, 5.9% Hispanic, 0% Native American, 1.5% Asian
Share of those killed with signs of a mental illness: 22.8% — 19th highest of 50 states
Share of those killed who were unarmed: 13.2% — 20th lowest of 50 states
43. Vermont
Documented police killings, Jan. 2020 – Oct. 2024: 1.1 per 100,000 people (7 total)
Gender of those killed: 85.7% male, 14.3% female
Race/ethnicity of those killed: 71.4% White, 0% Black, 14.3% Hispanic, 0% Native American, 0% Asian
Share of those killed with signs of a mental illness: 14.3% — 11th lowest of 50 states
Share of those killed who were unarmed: 42.9% — the highest of 50 states
42. Iowa
Documented police killings, Jan. 2020 – Oct. 2024: 1.1 per 100,000 people (35 total)
Gender of those killed: 97.1% male, 2.9% female
Race/ethnicity of those killed: 71.4% White, 17.1% Black, 2.9% Hispanic, 0% Native American, 0% Asian
Share of those killed with signs of a mental illness: 28.6% — 4th highest of 50 states
Share of those killed who were unarmed: 17.1% — 20th highest of 50 states
41. Illinois
Documented police killings, Jan. 2020 – Oct. 2024: 1.1 per 100,000 people (137 total)
Gender of those killed: 90.5% male, 8.8% female
Race/ethnicity of those killed: 37.2% White, 41.6% Black, 12.4% Hispanic, 0% Native American, 0.7% Asian
Share of those killed with signs of a mental illness: 21.9% — 21st highest of 50 states
Share of those killed who were unarmed: 20.4% — 9th highest of 50 states
40. Maryland
Documented police killings, Jan. 2020 – Oct. 2024: 1.2 per 100,000 people (74 total)
Gender of those killed: 95.9% male, 4.1% female
Race/ethnicity of those killed: 27.0% White, 59.5% Black, 8.1% Hispanic, 0% Native American, 1.4% Asian
Share of those killed with signs of a mental illness: 25.7% — 10th highest of 50 states
Share of those killed who were unarmed: 23.0% — 6th highest of 50 states
39. Michigan
Documented police killings, Jan. 2020 – Oct. 2024: 1.2 per 100,000 people (123 total)
Gender of those killed: 94.3% male, 5.7% female
Race/ethnicity of those killed: 48.0% White, 30.9% Black, 2.4% Hispanic, 0.8% Native American, 0.8% Asian
Share of those killed with signs of a mental illness: 25.2% — 11th highest of 50 states
Share of those killed who were unarmed: 14.6% — 23rd lowest of 50 states
38. Delaware
Documented police killings, Jan. 2020 – Oct. 2024: 1.3 per 100,000 people (13 total)
Gender of those killed: 76.9% male, 23.1% female
Race/ethnicity of those killed: 23.1% White, 46.2% Black, 15.4% Hispanic, 0% Native American, 0% Asian
Share of those killed with signs of a mental illness: 23.1% — 17th highest of 50 states
Share of those killed who were unarmed: 15.4% — 25th lowest of 50 states
37. Virginia
Documented police killings, Jan. 2020 – Oct. 2024: 1.4 per 100,000 people (124 total)
Gender of those killed: 91.1% male, 8.1% female
Race/ethnicity of those killed: 46.8% White, 30.6% Black, 4.0% Hispanic, 0.8% Native American, 0.8% Asian
Share of those killed with signs of a mental illness: 21.8% — 22nd highest of 50 states
Share of those killed who were unarmed: 13.7% — 22nd lowest of 50 states
36. Ohio
Documented police killings, Jan. 2020 – Oct. 2024: 1.4 per 100,000 people (168 total)
Gender of those killed: 91.7% male, 8.3% female
Race/ethnicity of those killed: 50.6% White, 38.7% Black, 3.0% Hispanic, 0% Native American, 0.6% Asian
Share of those killed with signs of a mental illness: 26.8% — 7th highest of 50 states
Share of those killed who were unarmed: 11.9% — 15th lowest of 50 states
35. New Hampshire
Documented police killings, Jan. 2020 – Oct. 2024: 1.4 per 100,000 people (20 total)
Gender of those killed: 100% male, 0% female
Race/ethnicity of those killed: 75.0% White, 0% Black, 0% Hispanic, 0% Native American, 0% Asian
Share of those killed with signs of a mental illness: 20.0% — 23rd lowest of 50 states
Share of those killed who were unarmed: 5.0% — 2nd lowest of 50 states
34. Wisconsin
Documented police killings, Jan. 2020 – Oct. 2024: 1.5 per 100,000 people (88 total)
Gender of those killed: 95.5% male, 4.5% female
Race/ethnicity of those killed: 59.1% White, 26.1% Black, 5.7% Hispanic, 1.1% Native American, 0% Asian
Share of those killed with signs of a mental illness: 28.4% — 5th highest of 50 states
Share of those killed who were unarmed: 17.0% — 21st highest of 50 states
Documented police killings, Jan. 2020 – Oct. 2024: 3.6 per 100,000 people (212 total)
Gender of those killed: 94.3% male, 4.7% female
Race/ethnicity of those killed: 48.1% White, 9.9% Black, 24.5% Hispanic, 1.4% Native American, 0% Asian
Share of those killed with signs of a mental illness: 15.6% — 13th lowest of 50 states
Share of those killed who were unarmed: 11.8% — 14th lowest of 50 states
4. Montana
Documented police killings, Jan. 2020 – Oct. 2024: 3.9 per 100,000 people (44 total)
Gender of those killed: 95.5% male, 4.5% female
Race/ethnicity of those killed: 61.4% White, 4.5% Black, 0% Hispanic, 13.6% Native American, 0% Asian
Share of those killed with signs of a mental illness: 13.6% — 9th lowest of 50 states
Share of those killed who were unarmed: 6.8% — 3rd lowest of 50 states
3. Wyoming
Documented police killings, Jan. 2020 – Oct. 2024: 4.5 per 100,000 people (26 total)
Gender of those killed: 100% male, 0% female
Race/ethnicity of those killed: 65.4% White, 11.5% Black, 7.7% Hispanic, 3.8% Native American, 0% Asian
Share of those killed with signs of a mental illness: 11.5% — 3rd lowest of 50 states
Share of those killed who were unarmed: 3.8% — the lowest of 50 states
2. Alaska
Documented police killings, Jan. 2020 – Oct. 2024: 4.8 per 100,000 people (35 total)
Gender of those killed: 91.4% male, 8.6% female
Race/ethnicity of those killed: 40.0% White, 5.7% Black, 0% Hispanic, 17.1% Native American, 0% Asian
Share of those killed with signs of a mental illness: 17.1% — 15th lowest of 50 states
Share of those killed who were unarmed: 11.4% — 12th lowest of 50 states
1. New Mexico
Documented police killings, Jan. 2020 – Oct. 2024: 6.3 per 100,000 people (133 total)
Gender of those killed: 93.2% male, 5.3% female
Race/ethnicity of those killed: 23.3% White, 6.0% Black, 50.4% Hispanic, 7.5% Native American, 0% Asian
Share of those killed with signs of a mental illness: 24.1% — 13th highest of 50 states
Share of those killed who were unarmed: 18.0% — 17th highest of 50 states
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