Demographic trends often have far-reaching economic and social consequences. Birth rates are no exception, and in much of the world, they have been falling for decades. As recently as in the mid-1960s, women had an average of about five children in their lifetime, according to the World Bank. As of 2021, the latest year of available data, women were having an average of only 2.3 children — a historic low.

For a country to maintain its population size — immigration notwithstanding — the average fertility rate should stand at around 2.1 children per woman. Fertility rates above 2.1, meanwhile, indicate future population growth, which is typically desirable in countries not struggling with overpopulation.

But in many parts of the world — including the United States, where women have an average of only 1.7 children — fertility rates are well below the 2.1 threshold. In these circumstances, without increased immigration, population decline is likely in the coming years. Fewer children will eventually mean fewer working age adults to fill jobs, pay taxes, and support growing numbers of retirement-age citizens. Population decline can also be a drag on the overall economy, resulting in slower growth or even reduced gross domestic product.

Using data from the World Bank, 24/7 Wall St. identified the 30 countries with the lowest fertility rates. Data on total fertility rates, or the average number of children women have in their lifetime, are for 2021. Supplemental data on population, population change, and GDP per capita are also from the World Bank.

Among the countries on this list, fertility rates range from about 1.5 to just 0.8. Historically, low fertility rates have been more common in countries with relatively wealthy populations, and in most countries on this list, GDP per capita exceeds the $12,688 global average. (Here is a look at the wealthiest countries in the world.)

In many countries on this list, fertility rates have been below the key 2.1 threshold for years — and the consequences are already evident in demographic changes. A dozen of these countries have a smaller population now than they did a decade ago, and nearly half reported population decline between 2021 and 2022.

These are the 30 countries with the lowest birth rates.

30. Russia

• Fertility rate, 2021: 1.49
• Total population: 144,236,933
• 1-yr. population change, 2021-2022: +0.1% (+106,451 people)
• 10-yr. population change, 2013-2022: +0.5% (+729,938 people)
• GDP per capita, 2022: $15,271

29. Belarus

• Fertility rate, 2021: 1.48
• Total population: 9,228,071
• 1-yr. population change, 2021-2022: -0.8% (-74,514 people)
• 10-yr. population change, 2013-2022: -2.3% (-215,140 people)
• GDP per capita, 2022: $7,888

28. Serbia

• Fertility rate, 2021: 1.48
• Total population: 6,664,449
• 1-yr. population change, 2021-2022: -2.5% (-169,877 people)
• 10-yr. population change, 2013-2022: -7.0% (-499,683 people)
• GDP per capita, 2022: $9,538

27. Austria

• Fertility rate, 2021: 1.48
• Total population: 9,041,851
• 1-yr. population change, 2021-2022: +1.0% (+86,054 people)
• 10-yr. population change, 2013-2022: +6.6% (+562,028 people)
• GDP per capita, 2022: $52,085

26. Finland

• Fertility rate, 2021: 1.46
• Total population: 5,556,106
• 1-yr. population change, 2021-2022: +0.3% (+15,089 people)
• 10-yr. population change, 2013-2022: +2.2% (+117,134 people)
• GDP per capita, 2022: $50,872

25. United Arab Emirates

• Fertility rate, 2021: 1.46
• Total population: 9,441,129
• 1-yr. population change, 2021-2022: +0.8% (+75,984 people)
• 10-yr. population change, 2013-2022: +7.9% (+689,282 people)
• GDP per capita, 2022: $53,708

24. Cuba

• Fertility rate, 2021: 1.44
• Total population: 11,212,191
• 1-yr. population change, 2021-2022: -0.4% (-44,181 people)
• 10-yr. population change, 2013-2022: -1.0% (-109,388 people)
• GDP per capita, 2020: $9,500

23. Canada

• Fertility rate, 2021: 1.43
• Total population: 38,929,902
• 1-yr. population change, 2021-2022: +1.8% (+703,404 people)
• 10-yr. population change, 2013-2022: +11.0% (+3,846,948 people)
• GDP per capita, 2022: $55,522

22. Bhutan

• Fertility rate, 2021: 1.41
• Total population: 782,455
• 1-yr. population change, 2021-2022: +0.6% (+4,969 people)
• 10-yr. population change, 2013-2022: +7.3% (+53,566 people)
• GDP per capita, 2021: $3,560

21. Mauritius

• Fertility rate, 2021: 1.41
• Total population: 1,262,523
• 1-yr. population change, 2021-2022: -0.3% (-3,811 people)
• 10-yr. population change, 2013-2022: +0.3% (+3,596 people)
• GDP per capita, 2022: $10,256

20. St. Lucia

• Fertility rate, 2021: 1.40
• Total population: 179,857
• 1-yr. population change, 2021-2022: +0.1% (+206 people)
• 10-yr. population change, 2013-2022: +3.4% (+5,879 people)
• GDP per capita, 2022: $13,031

19. Greece

• Fertility rate, 2021: 1.39
• Total population: 10,426,919
• 1-yr. population change, 2021-2022: -1.3% (-142,288 people)
• 10-yr. population change, 2013-2022: -4.9% (-538,292 people)
• GDP per capita, 2022: $20,867

18. Albania

• Fertility rate, 2021: 1.39
• Total population: 2,777,689
• 1-yr. population change, 2021-2022: -1.2% (-33,977 people)
• 10-yr. population change, 2013-2022: -4.1% (-117,403 people)
• GDP per capita, 2022: $6,810

17. The Bahamas

• Fertility rate, 2021: 1.39
• Total population: 409,984
• 1-yr. population change, 2021-2022: +0.5% (+2,078 people)
• 10-yr. population change, 2013-2022: +6.3% (+24,334 people)
• GDP per capita, 2022: $31,458

16. Portugal

• Fertility rate, 2021: 1.38
• Total population: 10,409,704
• 1-yr. population change, 2021-2022: +0.5% (+47,873 people)
• 10-yr. population change, 2013-2022: -0.5% (-47,591 people)
• GDP per capita, 2022: $24,515

15. Luxembourg

• Fertility rate, 2021: 1.38
• Total population: 653,103
• 1-yr. population change, 2021-2022: +2.0% (+13,039 people)
• 10-yr. population change, 2013-2022: +20.2% (+109,743 people)
• GDP per capita, 2022: $125,006

14. Jamaica

• Fertility rate, 2021: 1.35
• Total population: 2,827,377
• 1-yr. population change, 2021-2022: +0.0% (-318 people)
• 10-yr. population change, 2013-2022: +2.0% (+54,248 people)
• GDP per capita, 2022: $6,047

13. Bosnia and Herzegovina

• Fertility rate, 2021: 1.35
• Total population: 3,233,526
• 1-yr. population change, 2021-2022: -1.1% (-37,417 people)
• 10-yr. population change, 2013-2022: -10.6% (-384,033 people)
• GDP per capita, 2022: $7,569

12. Lithuania

• Fertility rate, 2021: 1.34
• Total population: 2,831,639
• 1-yr. population change, 2021-2022: +1.1% (+30,800 people)
• 10-yr. population change, 2013-2022: -4.3% (-126,050 people)
• GDP per capita, 2022: $25,065

11. Thailand

• Fertility rate, 2021: 1.33
• Total population: 71,697,030
• 1-yr. population change, 2021-2022: +0.1% (+95,927 people)
• 10-yr. population change, 2013-2022: +3.0% (+2,118,428 people)
• GDP per capita, 2022: $6,910

10. Poland

• Fertility rate, 2021: 1.33
• Total population: 36,821,749
• 1-yr. population change, 2021-2022: -2.5% (-925,375 people)
• 10-yr. population change, 2013-2022: -3.2% (-1,218,447 people)
• GDP per capita, 2022: $18,688

9. Cyprus

• Fertility rate, 2021: 1.32
• Total population: 1,251,488
• 1-yr. population change, 2021-2022: +0.6% (+7,300 people)
• 10-yr. population change, 2013-2022: +7.2% (+84,520 people)
• GDP per capita, 2022: $32,048

8. Japan

• Fertility rate, 2021: 1.30
• Total population: 125,124,989
• 1-yr. population change, 2021-2022: -0.4% (-556,604 people)
• 10-yr. population change, 2013-2022: -1.8% (-2,320,011 people)
• GDP per capita, 2022: $34,017

7. Italy

• Fertility rate, 2021: 1.25
• Total population: 58,940,425
• 1-yr. population change, 2021-2022: -0.3% (-192,748 people)
• 10-yr. population change, 2013-2022: -2.1% (-1,293,523 people)
• GDP per capita, 2022: $34,776

6. Spain

• Fertility rate, 2021: 1.19
• Total population: 47,778,340
• 1-yr. population change, 2021-2022: +0.8% (+362,546 people)
• 10-yr. population change, 2013-2022: +2.5% (+1,158,295 people)
• GDP per capita, 2022: $29,675

5. China

• Fertility rate, 2021: 1.16
• Total population: 1,412,175,000
• 1-yr. population change, 2021-2022: +0.0% (-185,000 people)
• 10-yr. population change, 2013-2022: +3.6% (+48,935,000 people)
• GDP per capita, 2022: $12,720

4. Ukraine

• Fertility rate, 2021: 1.16
• Total population: 38,000,000
• 1-yr. population change, 2021-2022: -13.3% (-5,822,901 people)
• 10-yr. population change, 2013-2022: -16.5% (-7,489,648 people)
• GDP per capita, 2022: $4,534

3. Malta

• Fertility rate, 2021: 1.14
• Total population: 531,113
• 1-yr. population change, 2021-2022: +2.4% (+12,577 people)
• 10-yr. population change, 2013-2022: +24.7% (+105,146 people)
• GDP per capita, 2022: $34,128

2. Singapore

• Fertility rate, 2021: 1.12
• Total population: 5,637,022
• 1-yr. population change, 2021-2022: +3.4% (+183,456 people)
• 10-yr. population change, 2013-2022: +4.4% (+237,860 people)
• GDP per capita, 2022: $82,808

1. South Korea

• Fertility rate, 2021: 0.81
• Total population: 51,628,117
• 1-yr. population change, 2021-2022: -0.2% (-116,759 people)
• 10-yr. population change, 2013-2022: +2.4% (+1,199,224 people)
• GDP per capita, 2022: $32,423

Rank	Country	Total fertility rate, 2021	GDP per capita ($)	1-yr population change (%)	10-yr population change (%)
1	Korea, Rep.	0.8	32,423	-0.2	2.4
2	Singapore	1.1	82,808	3.4	4.4
3	Malta	1.1	34,128	2.4	24.7
4	Ukraine	1.2	4,534	-13.3	-16.5
5	China	1.2	12,720	0.0	3.6
6	Spain	1.2	29,675	0.8	2.5
7	Italy	1.3	34,776	-0.3	-2.1
8	Japan	1.3	34,017	-0.4	-1.8
9	Cyprus	1.3	32,048	0.6	7.2
10	Poland	1.3	18,688	-2.5	-3.2
11	Thailand	1.3	6,910	0.1	3.0
12	Lithuania	1.3	25,065	1.1	-4.3
13	Bosnia and Herzegovina	1.4	7,569	-1.1	-10.6
14	Jamaica	1.4	6,047	0.0	2.0
15	Luxembourg	1.4	125,006	2.0	20.2
16	Portugal	1.4	24,515	0.5	-0.5
17	Bahamas, The	1.4	31,458	0.5	6.3
18	Albania	1.4	6,810	-1.2	-4.1
19	Greece	1.4	20,867	-1.3	-4.9
20	St. Lucia	1.4	13,031	0.1	3.4
21	Mauritius	1.4	10,256	-0.3	0.3
22	Bhutan	1.4	3,560	0.6	7.3
23	Canada	1.4	55,522	1.8	11.0
24	Cuba	1.4	9,500	-0.4	-1.0
25	United Arab Emirates	1.5	53,708	0.8	7.9
26	Finland	1.5	50,872	0.3	2.2
27	Austria	1.5	52,085	1.0	6.6
28	Serbia	1.5	9,538	-2.5	-7.0
29	Belarus	1.5	7,888	-0.8	-2.3
30	Russian Federation	1.5	15,271	0.1	0.5

Thank you for reading! Have some feedback for us?
Contact the 24/7 Wall St. editorial team.