The homeownership rate dropped to 66% of all households in the fourth quarter of 2011 — the lowest rate in over a decade. Since the recession began, growth of renter households has consistently outpaced growth of owner households. According to a recent report by the National Low Income Housing Coalition, the decrease in homeownership reflects general concerns over the direction of the economy.

Read The Cities Where People Can’t Afford Their Rent

As the number of renters has grown, so has the number of those who cannot afford to rent. Renters also are earning less than they did before the recession. The number of renters earning 30% or less of the average median income in their area increased by nearly 900,000 between 2007 and 2010.

Given such conditions, many renters cannot maintain what financial advisors recommend renters should spend on an apartment: no more than 30% of a paycheck on rent. According to NLIHC, only renters in 37 of the nation’s 582 metropolitan regions considered in the report meet this goal. The report reveals that in most parts of the country, rental prices vastly exceed 30% of the average renter’s wages.

Based on the report, 24/7 Wall St. identified the 10 metropolitan regions that had the biggest difference between the average renter wage per hour and the amount they would need to earn per hour to afford fair market rent, the amount the Department of Housing and Urban Development considers average affordable rent. These are the 10 cities where rent is least affordable.

These cities are unaffordable because rent is among the highest in the country and because income inequality is significant. The 10 regions on this list are, almost without exception, the most expensive areas for renting in the country. Six of the 10 regions are in the top 20 for rent costs. The average fair market rent for all the areas considered in the report is $771 per month. In Orange County, Calif., and Honolulu, Hawaii, two of the worst cities for renters, it is more than $1,600 per month.

In these 10 regions with the biggest rental affordability gaps, average renters would need to make 70% more than they currently earn so that only 30% of their salary goes to rent. In the Nassau-Suffolk county in New York, among the worst, a person would need to work four and a half full-time, minimum-wage jobs to meet the 30% of total wages goal. In that area, even if the renter earned the average renter wage for the area, he or she would need to work more than two full-time jobs to reasonably afford to rent a two-bedroom apartment in the area.

In an interview with 24/7 Wall St., NLIHC research analyst and the report’s author, Elina Bravve, explained that the inequality in these regions is due to high demand for rentals among a small number of extremely wealthy residents. The richest residents can afford to pay a great deal for housing and, as a result, are driving up rental prices. Middle- and low-income individuals are forced to pay for the inflated prices in order to live in the area.

There are three types of metropolitan regions where rent is unaffordable. First are the wealthy suburbs of MSAs like the Washington-Arlington-Alexandria region. The Maryland area of the D.C. metropolitan region has the seventh-highest income in the country and includes a number of expensive areas outside the city. Wealth and proximity to the city drive up rental prices and make the area difficult to afford for those in blue-collar or service jobs.

Another type of region where rent is unaffordable is the popular destinations for tourist and vacation home buyers such as Honolulu, Hawaii, and Santa Cruz, Calif. According to Bravve, “In these vacation centers, there’s a pretty significant wealth gap between the summer residents and tourists and the full-year-round residents who serve them in restaurants and hotels.” Wealthy buyers increase home prices, “while most locals actually work in the service (or tourism) sectors of the economy — which don’t pay much at all.”

Finally, there are regions like the Pike County, Pa., where the housing markets are booming. In these regions, demand for new homes is growing at a faster rate than new accommodations can be built to sustain new tenants. Natural gas fracking recently has become a booming industry in the region, and demand for rental space has shot up as hundreds of workers have moved to the area looking for places to live. According to Bravve, “with the influx of new workers in this community, there is just not enough housing. Lower income workers in the area who do not work in the fracking industry are particularly hit hard — because they can’t afford the sudden increases.”

24/7 Wall St. relied on NLIHC’s report,“Out of Reach 2012: America’s Forgotten Housing Crisis,” to identify the 10 metropolitan regions that had the biggest gap between the average renter wage per hour and the amount they would need to earn per hour to afford fair market rent, the amount the Department of Housing and Urban Development considers average affordable rent. NLIHC used fair market rents (FMR), which is based on the 40th percentile prices in these regions, for the average affordable rent. Because the average home price can be skewed upwards in areas with particularly high-end housing. NLIHC’s report ranks 582 regions, which include metropolitan statistical areas and HUD Metro Fair Market Rent Areas, or HMFRs.

These are the cities where rent is least affordable.

10. Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, Md.
> Rent affordability gap: $13.11/hr.
> Fair market rent: $1,506 (11th highest)
> Average renter wage: $15.85/hr.
> Wage needed for 2BR apartment: $28.96/hr.
> Hrs. needed to rent 2BR apartment: 73/wk.

The Washington-Arlington-Alexandria metropolitan area is one of the wealthiest in the country. Median household income is the seventh highest among the 580 metro regions studied, at $107,500. However, the estimated income for renters in the area is less than half that, at only $52,599. According to the National Low-Income Housing Coalition’s report, in order to earn the recommended salary of three times monthly rent, a person in the region would have to earn $28.96 per hour. According to the Census Bureau, however, renters in the MSA earn an average of just $15.85 per hour.

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9. Pike County, Pa.
> Rent affordability gap: $13.17/hr.
> Fair market rent: $1,011 (74th highest)
> Average renter wage: $6.28/hr.
> Wage needed for 2BR apartment: $19.44/hr.
> Hrs. needed to rent 2BR apartment: 124/wk.

The average wage of a renter in Pennsylvania’s Pike County is a mere $6.28 per hour — one of the country’s lowest. However, the hourly wage required so that rent accounts for no more than approximately one-third of a worker’s total income is $19.44. To date, only 16% of Pike County’s population rents. This is the lowest rate among metropolitan areas on this list. Recent substantial increases in natural gas fracking activity in the region have driven up home prices dramatically, one of the major reasons for the rise in current prices compared to renter income.

8. New Haven-Meriden, Conn.
> Rent affordability gap: $13.26/hr.
> Fair market rent: $1,352 (21st highest)
> Average renter wage: $12.74/hr.
> Wage needed for 2BR apartment: $26.00/hr.
> Hrs. needed to rent 2BR apartment: 82/wk.

Median income in the New Haven-Meriden region in Connecticut is $84,900, the 49th highest in the country. The estimated renter income is $35,358, the 107th highest in the country. This disparity has an impact on the region’s renters, which represent 33% of the total living population. In order to comfortably afford a two-bedroom apartment in the metro area, residents working median wage would need to work more than three full-time minimum-wage jobs, or two full-time jobs at the average renter income.

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7. San Benito County, Calif.
> Rent affordability gap: $13.48/hr.
> Fair market rent: $1,204 (34th highest)
> Average renter wage: $9.68/hr.
> Wage needed for 2BR apartment: $23.15/hr.
> Hrs. needed to rent 2BR apartment: 96/wk.

The estimated average wage for renters in San Benito County is $9.68 per hour. Aside from the average wage in Pike County, this is the lowest amount among metropolitan areas on this list. To comfortably pay rent on a two-bedroom apartment, residents would need to earn $23.15 per hour. This is among the largest amounts in the country. Renters currently earning the mean renter wage in San Benito County would need to work nearly two and a half full-time jobs to comfortably afford a two-bedroom apartment at the current price.

6. Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, N.H.
> Rent affordability gap: $13.67/hr.
> Fair market rent: $1,369 (20th highest)
> Average renter wage: $12.66/hr.
> Wage needed for 2BR apartment: $26.33/hr.
> Hrs. needed to rent 2BR apartment: 83/wk.

According to NLIHC, the New Hampshire section of the Boston-Cambridge-Quincy MSA has one of the highest estimated renter median incomes in the country, at $43,391. Renters making the $7.25 per hour minimum wage would have to work 145 hours per week to comfortably afford a two-bedroom apartment — one of the highest amounts in the country. The average renter in the region is estimated to earn $12.66 per hour. To comfortably pay for a two-bedroom apartment they would need to earn an additional $13.67 an hour, a total of $26.33 per hour.

5. Orange County, Calif.
> Rent affordability gap: $13.73/hr.
> Fair market rent: $1,652 (fifth highest)
> Average renter wage: $18.04/hr.
> Wage needed for 2BR apartment: $31.77/hr.
> Hrs. needed to rent 2BR apartment: 70/wk.

The estimated wage for renters in Orange County is $18.04 per hour, which is one of the highest wages in the country. In addition, the median annual income for renters is $49,986, also among the highest in the country. However, it would take 159 work hours per week for workers making the $8 per hour minimum wage to rent a two-bedroom apartment at the fair market rate — one of the largest amounts. The wage renters would need to earn to comfortably rent a two-bedroom apartment is $31.77 per hour.

4. Monmouth-Ocean, N.J.
> Rent affordability gap: $16.10/hr.
> Fair market rent: $1,417 (17th highest)
> Average renter wage: $11.15/hr.
> Wage needed for 2BR apartment: $27.25/hr.
> Hrs. needed to rent 2BR apartment: 98/wk.

The average renter in Monmouth-Ocean, N.J., earns $11.15 per hour, which is a relatively small amount compared to those in most other metropolitan areas in the country. The wage needed to comfortably rent a two-bedroom apartment in the region, using 30% of their total income, is $27.25 — among the country’s highest. A person making minimum wage, which is $7.25 per hour in the area, would have to increase their pay by 376% to comfortably afford their rent.

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3. Santa Cruz-Watsonville, Calif.
> Rent affordability gap: $16.62/hr.
> Fair market rent: $1,504 (13th highest)
> Average renter wage: $12.31/hr.
> Wage needed for 2BR apartment: $28.92/hr.
> Hrs. needed to rent 2BR apartment: 94/wk.

It is estimated that renters in the Santa Cruz-Watsonville metropolitan area earn an average of $12.31 per hour. This is $16.62 an hour less than is necessary to pay what is considered a comfortable amount to rent a two-bedroom apartment. Currently, renters would need to work 145 hours per week at minimum wage to earn enough income so that rent would only account for 30% of their income.

2. Nassau-Suffolk, N.Y.
> Rent affordability gap: $18.94/hr.
> Fair market rent: $1,682 (fourth highest)
> Average renter wage: $13.41/hr.
> Wage needed for 2BR apartment: $32.35/hr.
> Hrs. needed to rent 2BR apartment: 96/wk.

Only 18% of Nassau-Suffolk metropolitan area residents are renting — the second-lowest percentage on this list after Pike County. This is also one of the lowest rates in the country. Despite this low percentage, the region has one of the highest wages required in order for the average renter to rent a two-bedroom apartment that only accounts for about one-third of their income. To meet this wage, the average renter would need to earn nearly $19 additional per hour, the second-largest increase in the country.

1. Honolulu, Hawaii
> Rent affordability gap: $19.96/hr.
> Fair market rent: $1,767 (third highest)
> Average renter wage: $14.02/hr.
> Wage needed for 2BR apartment: $33.98/hr.
> Hrs. needed to rent 2BR apartment: 97/wk.

Renters in Honolulu would have to earn nearly $20 more in hourly wages than they currently do to comfortably rent a two-bedroom apartment. Minimum wage in the region is $7.25 per hour. To earn enough money, at this rate, where rent would only account for 30% of income for the average renter, a person would have to work nearly 4.7 full time jobs — the largest amount in the country. To rent a two-bedroom apartment at the fair market rate, a person earning minimum wage would need to work 187 hours per week, also the greatest amount. Reflecting the extent of the issue, 42% of households are occupied by renters, which is among the highest rates in the nation.

Michael B. Sauter, Charles B. Stockdale

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