The role of police is to maintain order and protect life. To achieve that, close to 1 million police officers in the United States enforce local, tribal, state, or federal laws and ordinances. Police are a phone call away in nearly every American community. One notable difference between the nation’s many police departments is the vastly different number of police officers employed by each city.

The population of a city goes a long way in determining the number of police employed there. New York City has by far the largest police force, with 36,228 officers and 15,171 civilian department employees. Chicago has the next largest police force with 11,954 officers and 1,181 civilian employees.

Many small cities like Anniston, Alabama or Tukwila, Washington, do not need the same number of officers as a city like New York or Chicago. However, relative to their populations, these cities and others still employ a very large or a very small police force.

24/7 Wall St. analyzed 2016 FBI data for U.S. cities with populations of 20,000 or more. The ranking is based on each city’s police per capita rate measured as the total number of law enforcement employees per 100,000 city residents.

The cities with the most relative number of law enforcement employees range from large cities like New York with about 600 law enforcement workers per 100,000 city residents (fourth most) to relatively small cities like Hammond, Louisiana with 515 law enforcement workers per 100,000 city residents (eighth most). For reference, there are 336 civilians and officers in law enforcement for every 100,000 people nationwide.

Click here to see the cities with the most police.
Click here to see the cities with the least police.
Click here to see our detailed findings and methodology.

Cities With the Most Police Officers

50. Newport, Rhode Island
> Law enforcement employees: 386.3 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 77
> Total civilian employees: 16
> Total population: 24,077
> Violent crime rate: 257.5 per 100,000 people

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49. Sumter, South Carolina
> Law enforcement employees: 386.6 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 110
> Total civilian employees: 48
> Total population: 40,864
> Violent crime rate: 690.1 per 100,000 people

48. North Augusta, South Carolina
> Law enforcement employees: 386.7 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 62
> Total civilian employees: 26
> Total population: 22,755
> Violent crime rate: 215.3 per 100,000 people

47. West Memphis, Arkansas
> Law enforcement employees: 386.8 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 76
> Total civilian employees: 20
> Total population: 24,818
> Violent crime rate: 1,857.5 per 100,000 people

46. Orange, New Jersey
> Law enforcement employees: 387.3 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 97
> Total civilian employees: 21
> Total population: 141,841
> Violent crime rate: 1,122.4 per 100,000 people

45. Milwaukee, Wisconsin
> Law enforcement employees: 387.9 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 1,889
> Total civilian employees: 439
> Total population: 600,193
> Violent crime rate: 1,533.0 per 100,000 people

44. New Haven, Connecticut
> Law enforcement employees: 390.3 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 454
> Total civilian employees: 55
> Total population: 130,425
> Violent crime rate: 934.6 per 100,000 people

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43. Kansas City, Missouri
> Law enforcement employees: 392.0 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 1,356
> Total civilian employees: 519
> Total population: 151,623
> Violent crime rate: 1,654.6 per 100,000 people

42. Charleston, South Carolina
> Law enforcement employees: 392.1 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 430
> Total civilian employees: 100
> Total population: 21,067
> Violent crime rate: 301.9 per 100,000 people

41. Pine Bluff, Arkansas
> Law enforcement employees: 393.4 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 143
> Total civilian employees: 30
> Total population: 43,976
> Violent crime rate: 1,603.1 per 100,000 people

40. Ocala, Florida
> Law enforcement employees: 394.2 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 159
> Total civilian employees: 72
> Total population: 58,596
> Violent crime rate: 790.2 per 100,000 people

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39. Alexandria, Louisiana
> Law enforcement employees: 396.4 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 157
> Total civilian employees: 33
> Total population: 155,319
> Violent crime rate: 1,842.0 per 100,000 people

38. Boston, Massachusetts
> Law enforcement employees: 397.4 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 2,125
> Total civilian employees: 553
> Total population: 673,880
> Violent crime rate: 707.4 per 100,000 people

37. Santa Monica, California
> Law enforcement employees: 398.2 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 204
> Total civilian employees: 170
> Total population: 93,921
> Violent crime rate: 505.7 per 100,000 people

36. Farmington, New Mexico
> Law enforcement employees: 399.8 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 131
> Total civilian employees: 38
> Total population: 23,505
> Violent crime rate: 693.2 per 100,000 people

35. Paramus, New Jersey
> Law enforcement employees: 400.6 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 87
> Total civilian employees: 21
> Total population: 26,958
> Violent crime rate: 122.4 per 100,000 people

34. East Orange, New Jersey
> Law enforcement employees: 404.4 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 205
> Total civilian employees: 57
> Total population: 64,787
> Violent crime rate: 674.5 per 100,000 people

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33. Pascagoula, Mississippi
> Law enforcement employees: 407.4 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 62
> Total civilian employees: 28
> Total population: 22,091
> Violent crime rate: N/A

32. Rochester, New York
> Law enforcement employees: 412.1 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 747
> Total civilian employees: 117
> Total population: 113,306
> Violent crime rate: 880.1 per 100,000 people

31. Poughkeepsie, New York
> Law enforcement employees: 413.1 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 91
> Total civilian employees: 34
> Total population: 30,262
> Violent crime rate: 773.2 per 100,000 people

30. Shelby, North Carolina
> Law enforcement employees: 421.5 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 72
> Total civilian employees: 13
> Total population: 20,168
> Violent crime rate: 609.9 per 100,000 people

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29. Bayonne, New Jersey
> Law enforcement employees: 426.2 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 182
> Total civilian employees: 102
> Total population: 66,629
> Violent crime rate: 220.6 per 100,000 people

28. Detroit, Michigan
> Law enforcement employees: 426.3 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 2,350
> Total civilian employees: 505
> Total population: 669,673
> Violent crime rate: 2,046.5 per 100,000 people

27. Lumberton, North Carolina
> Law enforcement employees: 428.9 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 83
> Total civilian employees: 10
> Total population: 21,683
> Violent crime rate: 1,812.5 per 100,000 people

26. Cincinnati, Ohio
> Law enforcement employees: 432.3 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 1,051
> Total civilian employees: 241
> Total population: 298,880
> Violent crime rate: 910.1 per 100,000 people

25. Cleveland, Ohio
> Law enforcement employees: 434.5 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 1,444
> Total civilian employees: 234
> Total population: 44,423
> Violent crime rate: 1,630.9 per 100,000 people

24. Riviera Beach, Florida
> Law enforcement employees: 437.3 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 107
> Total civilian employees: 43
> Total population: 34,304
> Violent crime rate: 1,384.7 per 100,000 people

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23. Albany, New York
> Law enforcement employees: 439.1 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 336
> Total civilian employees: 97
> Total population: 52,544
> Violent crime rate: 859.9 per 100,000 people

22. Coral Gables, Florida
> Law enforcement employees: 440.6 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 160
> Total civilian employees: 69
> Total population: 51,980
> Violent crime rate: 148.1 per 100,000 people

21. Naples, Florida
> Law enforcement employees: 447.1 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 67
> Total civilian employees: 31
> Total population: 21,917
> Violent crime rate: 86.7 per 100,000 people

20. Atlanta, Georgia
> Law enforcement employees: 452.8 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 1,694
> Total civilian employees: 446
> Total population: 472,579
> Violent crime rate: 1,083.6 per 100,000 people

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19. Key West, Florida
> Law enforcement employees: 454.3 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 92
> Total civilian employees: 26
> Total population: 25,976
> Violent crime rate: 392.7 per 100,000 people

18. Trenton, New Jersey
> Law enforcement employees: 455.5 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 246
> Total civilian employees: 135
> Total population: 83,644
> Violent crime rate: 1,347.4 per 100,000 people

17. Anderson, South Carolina
> Law enforcement employees: 465.1 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 91
> Total civilian employees: 37
> Total population: 27,522
> Violent crime rate: N/A

16. Tukwila, Washington
> Law enforcement employees: 465.5 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 77
> Total civilian employees: 17
> Total population: 20,195
> Violent crime rate: 831.9 per 100,000 people

15. Baltimore, Maryland
> Law enforcement employees: 470.3 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 2,512
> Total civilian employees: 396
> Total population: 618,385
> Violent crime rate: 1,780.4 per 100,000 people

14. Jersey City, New Jersey
> Law enforcement employees: 480.5 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 865
> Total civilian employees: 414
> Total population: 266,179
> Violent crime rate: 479.4 per 100,000 people

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13. Anniston, Alabama
> Law enforcement employees: 481.9 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 87
> Total civilian employees: 20
> Total population: 22,205
> Violent crime rate: 3,310.1 per 100,000 people

12. Chicago, Illinois
> Law enforcement employees: 482.0 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 11,954
> Total civilian employees: 1,181
> Total population: 2,725,153
> Violent crime rate: 1,105.5 per 100,000 people

11. Newark, New Jersey
> Law enforcement employees: 491.4 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 1,113
> Total civilian employees: 270
> Total population: 45,893
> Violent crime rate: 936.9 per 100,000 people

10. Wilmington, Delaware
> Law enforcement employees: 498.7 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 302
> Total civilian employees: 58
> Total population: 23,667
> Violent crime rate: 1,780.2 per 100,000 people

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9. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
> Law enforcement employees: 509.0 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 6,313
> Total civilian employees: 1,682
> Total population: 1,570,826
> Violent crime rate: 988.9 per 100,000 people

8. Hammond, Louisiana
> Law enforcement employees: 515.2 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 80
> Total civilian employees: 26
> Total population: 77,005
> Violent crime rate: 1,390.0 per 100,000 people

7. St. Louis, Missouri
> Law enforcement employees: 518.9 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 1,194
> Total civilian employees: 438
> Total population: 314,507
> Violent crime rate: 1,913.2 per 100,000 people

6. Beverly Hills, California
> Law enforcement employees: 525.4 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 117
> Total civilian employees: 67
> Total population: 35,018
> Violent crime rate: 302.7 per 100,000 people

5. Miami Beach, Florida
> Law enforcement employees: 528.1 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 394
> Total civilian employees: 98
> Total population: 93,165
> Violent crime rate: 1,009.0 per 100,000 people

4. New York, New York
> Law enforcement employees: 6N/A
> Total officers: 36,228
> Total civilian employees: 15,171
> Total population: 8,566,917
> Violent crime rate: 573.4 per 100,000 people

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3. Washington, District Of Columbia
> Law enforcement employees: 638.9 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 3,753
> Total civilian employees: 599
> Total population: 25,564
> Violent crime rate: 1,132.0 per 100,000 people

2. Myrtle Beach, South Carolina
> Law enforcement employees: 941.5 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 219
> Total civilian employees: 81
> Total population: 31,864
> Violent crime rate: 1,688.4 per 100,000 people

1. Atlantic City, New Jersey
> Law enforcement employees: 1012.7 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 278
> Total civilian employees: 119
> Total population: 39,202
> Violent crime rate: N/A

Cities With the Least Police Officers

50. Ankeny, Iowa
> Law enforcement employees: 104.7 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 54
> Total civilian employees: 8
> Total population: 59,236
> Violent crime rate: 216.1 per 100,000 people

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49. Lakeville, Minnesota
> Law enforcement employees: 103.9 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 55
> Total civilian employees: 9
> Total population: 61,581
> Violent crime rate: 68.2 per 100,000 people

48. McCandless, Pennsylvania
> Law enforcement employees: 103.8 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 28
> Total civilian employees: 2
> Total population: 28,902
> Violent crime rate: 45.0 per 100,000 people

47. Peters Township, Pennsylvania
> Law enforcement employees: 103.3 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 21
> Total civilian employees: 2
> Total population: 22,274
> Violent crime rate: 18.0 per 100,000 people

46. Meridian Township, Michigan
> Law enforcement employees: 103.0 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 39
> Total civilian employees: 5
> Total population: 42,700
> Violent crime rate: 201.4 per 100,000 people

45. Ramsey, Minnesota
> Law enforcement employees: 102.8 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 24
> Total civilian employees: 3
> Total population: 26,273
> Violent crime rate: 60.9 per 100,000 people

44. Washington, Utah
> Law enforcement employees: 101.7 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 24
> Total civilian employees: 2
> Total population: 25,564
> Violent crime rate: 160.4 per 100,000 people

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43. Clinton Township, Michigan
> Law enforcement employees: 101.5 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 93
> Total civilian employees: 9
> Total population: 100,514
> Violent crime rate: 324.3 per 100,000 people

42. East Pennsboro Township, Pennsylvania
> Law enforcement employees: 101.3 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 21
> Total civilian employees: 1
> Total population: 21,712
> Violent crime rate: 59.9 per 100,000 people

41. Manor Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
> Law enforcement employees: 101.1 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 19
> Total civilian employees: 2
> Total population: 20,778
> Violent crime rate: 158.8 per 100,000 people

40. (East Goshen Township) Westtown-East Goshen Regional, Pennsylvania
> Law enforcement employees: 101.0 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 30
> Total civilian employees: 3
> Total population: 32,687
> Violent crime rate: 107.1 per 100,000 people

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39. Cranberry Township, Pennsylvania
> Law enforcement employees: 100.2 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 27
> Total civilian employees: 4
> Total population: 30,940
> Violent crime rate: 48.5 per 100,000 people

38. Draper, Utah
> Law enforcement employees: 98.5 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 39
> Total civilian employees: 8
> Total population: 47,696
> Violent crime rate: 157.2 per 100,000 people

37. Cedar Falls, Iowa
> Law enforcement employees: 98.4 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 40
> Total civilian employees: 1
> Total population: 41,651
> Violent crime rate: 158.5 per 100,000 people

36. Genoa Township, Ohio
> Law enforcement employees: 98.4 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 24
> Total civilian employees: 2
> Total population: 26,415
> Violent crime rate: N/A

35. Shaler Township, Pennsylvania
> Law enforcement employees: 98.4 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 26
> Total civilian employees: 2
> Total population: 28,467
> Violent crime rate: 56.2 per 100,000 people

34. Spanish Fork, Utah
> Law enforcement employees: 96.0 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 32
> Total civilian employees: 5
> Total population: 38,529
> Violent crime rate: 26.0 per 100,000 people

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33. Johns Creek, Georgia
> Law enforcement employees: 95.7 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 72
> Total civilian employees: 9
> Total population: 84,629
> Violent crime rate: 31.9 per 100,000 people

32. Waterford Township, Michigan
> Law enforcement employees: 95.5 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 53
> Total civilian employees: 17
> Total population: 73,308
> Violent crime rate: 132.3 per 100,000 people

31. Kaysville, Utah
> Law enforcement employees: 93.4 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 26
> Total civilian employees: 3
> Total population: 31,055
> Violent crime rate: 58.0 per 100,000 people

30. Blackman Township, Michigan
> Law enforcement employees: 93.3 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 34
> Total civilian employees: 1
> Total population: 37,522
> Violent crime rate: 271.8 per 100,000 people

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29. Bainbridge Island, Washington
> Law enforcement employees: 91.7 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 18
> Total civilian employees: 4
> Total population: 23,998
> Violent crime rate: 108.3 per 100,000 people

28. Maple Valley, Washington
> Law enforcement employees: 91.2 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 19
> Total civilian employees: 5
> Total population: 26,304
> Violent crime rate: 79.8 per 100,000 people

27. Pleasant Grove, Utah
> Law enforcement employees: 89.8 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 27
> Total civilian employees: 8
> Total population: 38,984
> Violent crime rate: 30.8 per 100,000 people

26. Northern Regional, Pennsylvania
> Law enforcement employees: 89.1 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 29
> Total civilian employees: 2
> Total population: 34,787
> Violent crime rate: 5.7 per 100,000 people

25. Pacifica, California
> Law enforcement employees: 88.3 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 33
> Total civilian employees: 2
> Total population: 39,650
> Violent crime rate: 163.9 per 100,000 people

24. Hampden Township, Pennsylvania
> Law enforcement employees: 87.6 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 25
> Total civilian employees: 1
> Total population: 29,684
> Violent crime rate: 37.1 per 100,000 people

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23. Lehi, Utah
> Law enforcement employees: 87.2 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 47
> Total civilian employees: 6
> Total population: 60,806
> Violent crime rate: 126.6 per 100,000 people

22. Hollister, California
> Law enforcement employees: 86.9 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 27
> Total civilian employees: 6
> Total population: 37,953
> Violent crime rate: 305.6 per 100,000 people

21. York Area Regional, Pennsylvania
> Law enforcement employees: 86.8 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 44
> Total civilian employees: 4
> Total population: 55,292
> Violent crime rate: 121.2 per 100,000 people

20. Calexico, California
> Law enforcement employees: 86.8 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 23
> Total civilian employees: 12
> Total population: 40,336
> Violent crime rate: 406.6 per 100,000 people

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19. Hercules, California
> Law enforcement employees: 86.1 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 20
> Total civilian employees: 2
> Total population: 25,553
> Violent crime rate: 207.4 per 100,000 people

18. Farmington, Utah
> Law enforcement employees: 85.1 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 17
> Total civilian employees: 3
> Total population: 23,505
> Violent crime rate: 59.6 per 100,000 people

17. Fairfield Township, Ohio
> Law enforcement employees: 84.8 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 19
> Total civilian employees: 0
> Total population: 22,417
> Violent crime rate: 124.9 per 100,000 people

16. Soledad, California
> Law enforcement employees: 84.7 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 17
> Total civilian employees: 4
> Total population: 24,805
> Violent crime rate: 306.4 per 100,000 people

15. Lone Peak, Utah
> Law enforcement employees: 83.2 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 21
> Total civilian employees: 3
> Total population: 28,862
> Violent crime rate: 13.9 per 100,000 people

14. Hamburg Township, Michigan
> Law enforcement employees: 82.9 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 17
> Total civilian employees: 1
> Total population: 21,714
> Violent crime rate: 64.5 per 100,000 people

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13. South Jordan, Utah
> Law enforcement employees: 82.6 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 50
> Total civilian employees: 8
> Total population: 70,226
> Violent crime rate: 75.5 per 100,000 people

12. Syracuse, Utah
> Law enforcement employees: 82.1 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 21
> Total civilian employees: 2
> Total population: 28,011
> Violent crime rate: 42.8 per 100,000 people

11. Webster Town and Village, New York
> Law enforcement employees: 80.9 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 32
> Total civilian employees: 4
> Total population: 44,487
> Violent crime rate: 56.2 per 100,000 people

10. Kenmore, Washington
> Law enforcement employees: 80.6 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 14
> Total civilian employees: 4
> Total population: 22,340
> Violent crime rate: 98.5 per 100,000 people

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9. Hamilton Township, Warren County, Ohio
> Law enforcement employees: 79.4 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 16
> Total civilian employees: 2
> Total population: 22,670
> Violent crime rate: N/A

8. Northern York Regional, Pennsylvania
> Law enforcement employees: 76.9 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 49
> Total civilian employees: 4
> Total population: 68,894
> Violent crime rate: 72.6 per 100,000 people

7. Sammamish, Washington
> Law enforcement employees: 74.9 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 32
> Total civilian employees: 8
> Total population: 53,387
> Violent crime rate: 35.6 per 100,000 people

6. Northern Lancaster County Regional, Pennsylvania
> Law enforcement employees: 74.8 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 24
> Total civilian employees: 2
> Total population: 34,756
> Violent crime rate: 20.1 per 100,000 people

5. Clinton, Utah
> Law enforcement employees: 74.2 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 15
> Total civilian employees: 1
> Total population: 21,567
> Violent crime rate: 37.1 per 100,000 people

4. Ogden Town, New York
> Law enforcement employees: 74.0 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 12
> Total civilian employees: 3
> Total population: 20,257
> Violent crime rate: 49.4 per 100,000 people

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3. Genesee Township, Michigan
> Law enforcement employees: 68.7 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 12
> Total civilian employees: 2
> Total population: 20,393
> Violent crime rate: 343.3 per 100,000 people

2. Lincoln, California
> Law enforcement employees: 57.2 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 20
> Total civilian employees: 7
> Total population: 47,206
> Violent crime rate: 61.4 per 100,000 people

1. University Place, Washington
> Law enforcement employees: 48.2 per 100,000 people
> Total officers: 15
> Total civilian employees: 1
> Total population: 33,196
> Violent crime rate: 219.9 per 100,000 people

Detailed Findings & Methodology

The size of a city’s police force is clearly related to the amount of crime in the city.

Of the 50 cities with the most police officers per capita, 38 have violent crimes rates that exceed the national rate of 450 per 100,000 people, and 39 have property crime rates that exceed the national property crime rate of 2,852 incidents per 100,000 people. Crime data is unavailable for three of the 50 cities.

Demonstrating the effect the number of police has on crime is extremely difficult. When crime rates rise, hiring by police departments tends to increase as well. However, there is very little evidence to suggest that increasing the number of police officers results in a reduction in crime levels.While a certain number of police officers is required for effective policing, other efforts such as focusing on police-community relations has been shown to be more effective than merely adding police to the patrol.

Cities with the largest police forces also tend have lower-income populations.Beverly Hills, California; Naples, Florida; and Key West, Florida, are notable exceptions — each with median household incomes well above the national annual median of $55,322.

Places that are poor often have high crime rates, but there are, of course, exceptions to this pattern, and the reasons such areas experience higher crime rates are far from definitive. Over the past 50 years, there has been a trend of reducing public investment in city services such as police, fire, school, public works, housing. This trend may have played a role in leading to more crime.

To identify the cities with the most and least police officers, 24/7 Wall St. reviewed the number of police department employees for every 100,000 city residents from the FBI’s 2016 Uniform Crime Report (UCR). Cities are defined by the FBI and may include townships, counties, villages, and regional departments. The number of employees, the number of state institutions, and the city violent and property crime rates also came from the FBI UCR. Police employment includes both officers (“individuals who ordinarily carry a firearm and a badge, have full arrest powers, and are paid from governmental funds set aside specifically to pay sworn law enforcement”), and civilians (“full-time agency personnel such as clerks, radio dispatchers, meter attendants, stenographers, jailers, correctional officers, and mechanics”), as defined by the FBI. Median household incomes, poverty rates, and educational attainment came from the U.S Census Bureau’s American Community Survey and consist of 5-year averages between 2011-2016.

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