As members of the baby boom generation age into retirement — approximately 10,000 Americans turn 65 every day — more and more are relying on pension benefits for their main source of income.
Millions of aging teachers, firefighters, sanitation workers, and other state and local government employees depend on the income owed to them through defined benefit pension plans. Such plans require employees to contribute a portion of their salaries to a pool of funds that is invested on their behalf and is paid out to them in retirement.
Poor management of the pension funds at the state and local levels, however, has put those benefits at risk for many future retirees. According to nongovernmental organization The Pew Charitable Trusts, state pension systems currently have, on average, less than 70% of the assets they need to be able to pay out benefits owed to current or retired public employees. In some states, the gap is significantly smaller, while in others the pension funding gap is far worse.
To rank the severity of each state’s pension crisis, 24/7 Wall St. reviewed the average pension funding ratio — the market value of a pension fund as a percentage of the total benefits owed to current or retired public employees — for all 50 states as of 2017 with data from The Pew Charitable Trusts.
For more on state budgeting and economic performance, see the states with the best and worst economies, the best and worst states for business, and the best and worst run states in America: a survey of all 50.
Click here to see the full list of pension crises in every state, ranked
Click here to see our detailed findings and methodology
50. Wisconsin
> Funded ratio: 102.6%
> Total pension shortfall: $2.6 billion surplus (the smallest)
> Gov’t workers as share of total workforce: 13.7% (9th lowest)
> Avg. annual payout per public retiree: $26,703 (15th highest)
> Governor: Tony Evers
See all stories featuring: Wisconsin
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49. South Dakota
> Funded ratio: 100.1%
> Total pension shortfall: $9.1 million surplus (2nd smallest)
> Gov’t workers as share of total workforce: 18.1% (13th highest)
> Avg. annual payout per public retiree: $20,994 (16th lowest)
> Governor: Kristi Noem
See all stories featuring: South Dakota
48. Tennessee
> Funded ratio: 96.5%
> Total pension shortfall: $1.7 billion (5th smallest)
> Gov’t workers as share of total workforce: 14.2% (13th lowest)
> Avg. annual payout per public retiree: $17,270 (3rd lowest)
> Governor: Bill Lee
See all stories featuring: Tennessee
47. New York
> Funded ratio: 94.5%
> Total pension shortfall: $11.5 billion (23rd smallest)
> Gov’t workers as share of total workforce: 15.4% (21st lowest)
> Avg. annual payout per public retiree: $33,040 (7th highest)
> Governor: Andrew Cuomo
See all stories featuring: New York
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46. Idaho
> Funded ratio: 91.3%
> Total pension shortfall: $1.5 billion (4th smallest)
> Gov’t workers as share of total workforce: 16.9% (19th highest)
> Avg. annual payout per public retiree: $22,386 (19th lowest)
> Governor: Brad Little
See all stories featuring: Idaho
45. North Carolina
> Funded ratio: 90.7%
> Total pension shortfall: $9.6 billion (21st smallest)
> Gov’t workers as share of total workforce: 16.3% (24th highest)
> Avg. annual payout per public retiree: $19,913 (8th lowest)
> Governor: Roy Cooper
See all stories featuring: North Carolina
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44. Utah
> Funded ratio: 90.3%
> Total pension shortfall: $3.4 billion (11th smallest)
> Gov’t workers as share of total workforce: 16.3% (23rd highest)
> Avg. annual payout per public retiree: $24,809 (20th highest)
> Governor: Gary Herbert
See all stories featuring: Utah
43. Nebraska
> Funded ratio: 90.2%
> Total pension shortfall: $1.5 billion (3rd smallest)
> Gov’t workers as share of total workforce: 17.0% (18th highest)
> Avg. annual payout per public retiree: $24,812 (19th highest)
> Governor: Pete Ricketts
See all stories featuring: Nebraska
42. Washington
> Funded ratio: 89.6%
> Total pension shortfall: $9.9 billion (22nd smallest)
> Gov’t workers as share of total workforce: 17.2% (16th highest)
> Avg. annual payout per public retiree: $19,977 (10th lowest)
> Governor: Jay Inslee
See all stories featuring: Washington
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41. Oregon
> Funded ratio: 83.1%
> Total pension shortfall: $13.5 billion (25th largest)
> Gov’t workers as share of total workforce: 15.4% (22nd lowest)
> Avg. annual payout per public retiree: $33,397 (6th highest)
> Governor: Kate Brown
See all stories featuring: Oregon
40. Delaware
> Funded ratio: 82.8%
> Total pension shortfall: $2.0 billion (6th smallest)
> Gov’t workers as share of total workforce: 14.4% (14th lowest)
> Avg. annual payout per public retiree: $23,433 (24th lowest)
> Governor: John Carney
See all stories featuring: Delaware
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39. Iowa
> Funded ratio: 82.3%
> Total pension shortfall: $6.7 billion (16th smallest)
> Gov’t workers as share of total workforce: 16.5% (22nd highest)
> Avg. annual payout per public retiree: $17,855 (5th lowest)
> Governor: Kim Reynolds
See all stories featuring: Iowa
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38. Maine
> Funded ratio: 81.9%
> Total pension shortfall: $3.0 billion (10th smallest)
> Gov’t workers as share of total workforce: 15.9% (24th lowest)
> Avg. annual payout per public retiree: $21,524 (18th lowest)
> Governor: Janet Mills
See all stories featuring: Maine
37. Ohio
> Funded ratio: 80.1%
> Total pension shortfall: $39.7 billion (9th largest)
> Gov’t workers as share of total workforce: 14.0% (12th lowest)
> Avg. annual payout per public retiree: $31,861 (10th highest)
> Governor: Mike DeWine
See all stories featuring: Ohio
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36. Florida
> Funded ratio: 79.3%
> Total pension shortfall: $40.3 billion (8th largest)
> Gov’t workers as share of total workforce: 12.7% (5th lowest)
> Avg. annual payout per public retiree: $24,013 (23rd highest)
> Governor: Ron DeSantis
See all stories featuring: Florida
35. Georgia
> Funded ratio: 79.2%
> Total pension shortfall: $22.9 billion (16th largest)
> Gov’t workers as share of total workforce: 15.3% (20th lowest)
> Avg. annual payout per public retiree: $27,122 (14th highest)
> Governor: Brian Kemp
See all stories featuring: Georgia
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34. West Virginia
> Funded ratio: 78.9%
> Total pension shortfall: $3.9 billion (12th smallest)
> Gov’t workers as share of total workforce: 21.0% (4th highest)
> Avg. annual payout per public retiree: $17,290 (4th lowest)
> Governor: Jim Justice
See all stories featuring: West Virginia
33. Missouri
> Funded ratio: 77.9%
> Total pension shortfall: $15.8 billion (23rd largest)
> Gov’t workers as share of total workforce: 15.0% (18th lowest)
> Avg. annual payout per public retiree: $23,582 (25th highest)
> Governor: Mike Parson
See all stories featuring: Missouri
32. Oklahoma
> Funded ratio: 77.9%
> Total pension shortfall: $8.5 billion (19th smallest)
> Gov’t workers as share of total workforce: 20.6% (6th highest)
> Avg. annual payout per public retiree: $20,442 (14th lowest)
> Governor: Kevin Stitt
See all stories featuring: Oklahoma
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31. Virginia
> Funded ratio: 77.2%
> Total pension shortfall: $21.5 billion (18th largest)
> Gov’t workers as share of total workforce: 18.1% (14th highest)
> Avg. annual payout per public retiree: $22,461 (20th lowest)
> Governor: Ralph Northam
See all stories featuring: Virginia
30. Arkansas
> Funded ratio: 76.9%
> Total pension shortfall: $7.9 billion (18th smallest)
> Gov’t workers as share of total workforce: 16.8% (20th highest)
> Avg. annual payout per public retiree: $20,302 (13th lowest)
> Governor: Asa Hutchinson
See all stories featuring: Arkansas
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29. Texas
> Funded ratio: 76.1%
> Total pension shortfall: $55.1 billion (5th largest)
> Gov’t workers as share of total workforce: 15.6% (23rd lowest)
> Avg. annual payout per public retiree: $23,476 (25th lowest)
> Governor: Greg Abbott
See all stories featuring: Texas
28. Wyoming
> Funded ratio: 75.9%
> Total pension shortfall: $2.7 billion (8th smallest)
> Gov’t workers as share of total workforce: 24.1% (2nd highest)
> Avg. annual payout per public retiree: $19,921 (9th lowest)
> Governor: Mark Gordon
See all stories featuring: Wyoming
27. Nevada
> Funded ratio: 74.4%
> Total pension shortfall: $13.3 billion (25th smallest)
> Gov’t workers as share of total workforce: 11.6% (the lowest)
> Avg. annual payout per public retiree: $34,926 (4th highest)
> Governor: Steve Sisolak
See all stories featuring: Nevada
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26. Montana
> Funded ratio: 72.8%
> Total pension shortfall: $4.1 billion (13th smallest)
> Gov’t workers as share of total workforce: 18.9% (9th highest)
> Avg. annual payout per public retiree: $20,225 (11th lowest)
> Governor: Steve Bullock
See all stories featuring: Montana
25. Alabama
> Funded ratio: 70.9%
> Total pension shortfall: $15.3 billion (24th largest)
> Gov’t workers as share of total workforce: 18.9% (10th highest)
> Avg. annual payout per public retiree: $23,091 (22nd lowest)
> Governor: Kay Ivey
See all stories featuring: Alabama
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24. California
> Funded ratio: 68.9%
> Total pension shortfall: $190.4 billion (the largest)
> Gov’t workers as share of total workforce: 15.1% (19th lowest)
> Avg. annual payout per public retiree: $36,351 (3rd highest)
> Governor: Gavin Newsom
See all stories featuring: California
23. Maryland
> Funded ratio: 68.6%
> Total pension shortfall: $22.6 billion (17th largest)
> Gov’t workers as share of total workforce: 18.4% (11th highest)
> Avg. annual payout per public retiree: $26,043 (18th highest)
> Governor: Larry Hogan
See all stories featuring: Maryland
22. Kansas
> Funded ratio: 67.1%
> Total pension shortfall: $9.1 billion (20th smallest)
> Gov’t workers as share of total workforce: 18.2% (12th highest)
> Avg. annual payout per public retiree: $16,802 (the lowest)
> Governor: Laura Kelly
See all stories featuring: Kansas
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21. Alaska
> Funded ratio: 66.6%
> Total pension shortfall: $7.2 billion (17th smallest)
> Gov’t workers as share of total workforce: 24.6% (the highest)
> Avg. annual payout per public retiree: $26,362 (16th highest)
> Governor: Mike Dunleavy
See all stories featuring: Alaska
20. Louisiana
> Funded ratio: 65.1%
> Total pension shortfall: $18.2 billion (19th largest)
> Gov’t workers as share of total workforce: 16.5% (21st highest)
> Avg. annual payout per public retiree: $24,658 (21st highest)
> Governor: John Bel Edwards
See all stories featuring: Louisiana
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19. Michigan
> Funded ratio: 65.1%
> Total pension shortfall: $32.5 billion (13th largest)
> Gov’t workers as share of total workforce: 13.7% (10th lowest)
> Avg. annual payout per public retiree: $23,257 (23rd lowest)
> Governor: Gretchen Whitmer
See all stories featuring: Michigan
18. Indiana
> Funded ratio: 65.0%
> Total pension shortfall: $17.3 billion (20th largest)
> Gov’t workers as share of total workforce: 13.7% (8th lowest)
> Avg. annual payout per public retiree: $16,974 (2nd lowest)
> Governor: Eric Holcomb
See all stories featuring: Indiana
17. Vermont
> Funded ratio: 64.3%
> Total pension shortfall: $2.3 billion (7th smallest)
> Gov’t workers as share of total workforce: 17.9% (15th highest)
> Avg. annual payout per public retiree: $20,301 (12th lowest)
> Governor: Phil Scott
See all stories featuring: Vermont
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16. North Dakota
> Funded ratio: 63.8%
> Total pension shortfall: $3.0 billion (9th smallest)
> Gov’t workers as share of total workforce: 19.0% (8th highest)
> Avg. annual payout per public retiree: $19,265 (7th lowest)
> Governor: Doug Burgum
See all stories featuring: North Dakota
15. Minnesota
> Funded ratio: 63.3%
> Total pension shortfall: $37.2 billion (10th largest)
> Gov’t workers as share of total workforce: 14.4% (15th lowest)
> Avg. annual payout per public retiree: $18,256 (6th lowest)
> Governor: Tim Walz
See all stories featuring: Minnesota
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14. New Hampshire
> Funded ratio: 62.7%
> Total pension shortfall: $4.9 billion (14th smallest)
> Gov’t workers as share of total workforce: 13.2% (6th lowest)
> Avg. annual payout per public retiree: $22,989 (21st lowest)
> Governor: Chris Sununu
See all stories featuring: New Hampshire
13. New Mexico
> Funded ratio: 62.5%
> Total pension shortfall: $16.5 billion (22nd largest)
> Gov’t workers as share of total workforce: 22.2% (3rd highest)
> Avg. annual payout per public retiree: $20,907 (15th lowest)
> Governor: Michelle Lujan Grisham
See all stories featuring: New Mexico
12. Arizona
> Funded ratio: 62.2%
> Total pension shortfall: $27.4 billion (14th largest)
> Gov’t workers as share of total workforce: 14.5% (17th lowest)
> Avg. annual payout per public retiree: $23,907 (24th highest)
> Governor: Doug Ducey
See all stories featuring: Arizona
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11. Mississippi
> Funded ratio: 61.6%
> Total pension shortfall: $16.8 billion (21st largest)
> Gov’t workers as share of total workforce: 20.9% (5th highest)
> Avg. annual payout per public retiree: $24,362 (22nd highest)
> Governor: Phil Bryant
See all stories featuring: Mississippi
10. Massachusetts
> Funded ratio: 59.9%
> Total pension shortfall: $35.7 billion (11th largest)
> Gov’t workers as share of total workforce: 12.5% (4th lowest)
> Avg. annual payout per public retiree: $31,510 (11th highest)
> Governor: Charlie Baker
See all stories featuring: Massachusetts
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9. Pennsylvania
> Funded ratio: 55.3%
> Total pension shortfall: $66.7 billion (4th largest)
> Gov’t workers as share of total workforce: 11.7% (2nd lowest)
> Avg. annual payout per public retiree: $26,358 (17th highest)
> Governor: Tom Wolf
See all stories featuring: Pennsylvania
8. Hawaii
> Funded ratio: 54.8%
> Total pension shortfall: $13.0 billion (24th smallest)
> Gov’t workers as share of total workforce: 19.1% (7th highest)
> Avg. annual payout per public retiree: $28,627 (12th highest)
> Governor: David Ige
See all stories featuring: Hawaii
7. South Carolina
> Funded ratio: 54.3%
> Total pension shortfall: $25.5 billion (15th largest)
> Gov’t workers as share of total workforce: 17.2% (17th highest)
> Avg. annual payout per public retiree: $21,247 (17th lowest)
> Governor: Henry McMaster
See all stories featuring: South Carolina
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6. Rhode Island
> Funded ratio: 53.7%
> Total pension shortfall: $5.5 billion (15th smallest)
> Gov’t workers as share of total workforce: 12.3% (3rd lowest)
> Avg. annual payout per public retiree: $32,658 (8th highest)
> Governor: Gina Raimondo
See all stories featuring: Rhode Island
5. Colorado
> Funded ratio: 47.1%
> Total pension shortfall: $54.6 billion (6th largest)
> Gov’t workers as share of total workforce: 16.3% (25th highest)
> Avg. annual payout per public retiree: $34,817 (5th highest)
> Governor: Jared Polis
See all stories featuring: Colorado
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4. Connecticut
> Funded ratio: 45.7%
> Total pension shortfall: $34.8 billion (12th largest)
> Gov’t workers as share of total workforce: 14.0% (11th lowest)
> Avg. annual payout per public retiree: $39,856 (the highest)
> Governor: Ned Lamont
See all stories featuring: Connecticut
3. Illinois
> Funded ratio: 38.4%
> Total pension shortfall: $136.9 billion (3rd largest)
> Gov’t workers as share of total workforce: 13.5% (7th lowest)
> Avg. annual payout per public retiree: $36,490 (2nd highest)
> Governor: J. B. Pritzker
See all stories featuring: Illinois
2. New Jersey
> Funded ratio: 35.8%
> Total pension shortfall: $142.3 billion (2nd largest)
> Gov’t workers as share of total workforce: 14.5% (16th lowest)
> Avg. annual payout per public retiree: $32,148 (9th highest)
> Governor: Phil Murphy
See all stories featuring: New Jersey
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1. Kentucky
> Funded ratio: 33.9%
> Total pension shortfall: $42.9 billion (7th largest)
> Gov’t workers as share of total workforce: 16.2% (25th lowest)
> Avg. annual payout per public retiree: $27,143 (13th highest)
> Governor: Matt Bevin
See all stories featuring: Kentucky
Detailed Findings
One of the primary drivers of pension shortfall is insufficient employer contributions. States have varying contribution policies that affect how much regional public employers are required to contribute to pension funds, but in hard economic times, states use the funds meant for pension contributions in hopes they could make up the difference in times of economic growth. States with responsible contribution policies tend to meet their contribution benchmarks, while states with worse policies often fail to meet them. In 2017, a year with strong economic growth, only 17 states met their employer contribution benchmarks.
Overgenerous benefits can also contribute to underfunded pensions. With greater benefits promised, pension obligations rise, leading states to either raise taxes or reduce services to meet them. In nine of the 10 states with the largest pension funding gaps, the average annual retirement benefits are greater than the $21,804 national average.
Historically, one of the largest drivers of pension funding shortfall has been poor market performance. While in 2017 the typical state pension plan had a 13.0% return on investment — greater than the median assumed return of 7.2% — in other years returns have fallen far below actuarial forecasts. In 2016, for example, the median rate of return on public pension plan funds was just 1.0%, far below the assumed rate of 7.5%.
Methodology
To rank the severity of each state’s pension crisis, 24/7 Wall St. reviewed the average pension funding ratio — the market value of a pension fund as a share of the total benefits owed to current or retired public employees — for all 50 states as of 2017 with data from nongovernmental organization The Pew Charitable Trusts. Data on the total pension shortfall also came from Pew and is for 2017. Data on the average annual benefits payout per public retiree came from the research nonprofit National Institute on Retirement Security and figures are for 2016. Data on the share of the workforce employed in state and local government is from the Bureau of Labor Statistics for 2018.
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