Billionaires That Have Gone Broke

Elizabeth Holmes was once on the cover of Forbes for founding a revolutionary startup worth an estimated $9 billion. Now, she is facing fraud charges. Holmes claimed her company, Theranos, was developing a revolutionary blood test that could test for hundreds of diseases and conditions with just a few drops of blood. In reality, the company was nowhere close to delivering this technology. Holmes now faces up to 20 years in prison on nine counts of wire fraud and two conspiracy counts related to defrauding investors, doctors, and patients. Her trial is slated to begin in March 2021.

Bernie Madoff will go down as one of the most infamous scammers in history. Madoff ran the largest Ponzi scheme of all time, swindling an estimated $17.5 billion from investors. Trustees have reportedly recovered $13 billion of the stolen money. Madoff is currently serving a 150-year federal prison sentence. In early 2020, he asked for a compassionate release, claiming he had less than two years to live due to kidney failure. His request was denied.

Though Allen Stanford is not as well known as Bernie Madoff, he gained and lost his fortune the same way — a Ponzi scheme. He defrauded about 18,000 people, many of them retirees, out of their savings. His scheme reportedly took in over $7 billion. After his scheme was uncovered, Stanford’s net worth dropped to zero. He was sentenced to 110 years in prison for his role in the scheme. Unlike with Madoff, however, few of Stanford’s victims have recovered their money.

Once the world’s seventh richest person, oil billionaire Eike Batista was the face of Brazil’s booming economy in 2012. Bastista’s business affairs began to unravel when his oil company, OGX, could not keep up with promised production, and investors pulled their money. After his fortunes further declined when Brazil’s economy went into a tailspin, Batista filed for bankruptcy.

Investigators eventually discovered that Batista was involved in a kickback scandal that took down many of Brazil’s most prominent politicians, and he was charged with money laundering. He was sentenced to 30 years in prison for corruption and money laundering and received an additional eight year sentence in 2019 for market manipulation.

Sean Quinn was once Ireland’s richest man, with an estimated net worth of over 3 billion euro. He grew his family quarry and diversified into different businesses like manufacturing, real estate, power plants, and more. Quinn lost control of his business empire after a bad investment in the Anglo Irish Bank. He tried to salvage the bank’s fortune by taking money out of his insurance company, but bank shares were in freefall. The bank had to be bailed out by taxpayers, and the government assumed control. In 2011, Quinn claimed that his assets were worth less than £50,000 and filed for bankruptcy.

Björgólfur Gudmundsson was in 2008 the chairman and primary owner of the second largest bank in Iceland. But that year’s financial crisis took its toll on banking systems worldwide, and Gudmundsson’s bank collapsed. The was taken over by the Icelandic government, wiping out all of Gudmundsson’s fortune. He declared bankruptcy, admitting he was hundreds of millions of pounds in debt. Gudmundsson had to sell London’s West Ham United Football Club, the Premier League soccer team he owned.

Aubrey McClendon was reportedly worth $1.2 billion as the co-founder of major oil and gas company Chesapeake Energy. He may not, however, have earned his fortune honestly. In 2016, he was indicted on federal conspiracy charges. The government accused McClendon of unfairly manipulating bids for drilling rights. The day after he was charged, McClendon died in a car accident, which some have speculated was a suicide. Though McClendon appeared to be wealthy before his death, creditors claimed he borrowed $465 million for business ventures in 2013 and sought payment from his estate. Because of outstanding debts, McClendon may have had a net worth close to zero when he died.

Indian businessman Vijay Mallya took over his father’s liquor business at 28 and turned it into a massive company, amassing a net worth of $1.5 billion. He later took over Kingfisher Airlines but accumulated massive amounts of debt to try to support the business. Beginning in 2012, he was accused of money laundering and fraud, to the tune of $1.3 billion. Pursued by creditors, Mallya fled India for the U.K in 2016. Since 2018, he has fought in British courts against extradition. The U.K. Ministry of External Affairs told the Indian government in October 2020 that Mallya would not be taken back to India until a “confidential legal matter” was taken care of.

Adolf Merckle grew his small family business in Germany into a vast corporate empire with more than 100 companies and 100,000 employees. In the process, his net worth grew to over $9 billion. But his investment company fell billions of euros into debt, and Merckle personally lost hundreds of millions of euros shorting Volkswagen shares. That, along with a global recession in 2008, forced Merckle to consider bankruptcy. Merckle took his own life in 2009. At the time, his investment company VEM owed banks billions of euros.

In the 1980s, heiress and socialite Patricia Kluge was married to the richest man in America — media mogul John Kluge. They divorced in 1990, and Patricia’s settlement included Albemarle, a Virginia estate and winery. She founded Kluge Estate Winery and Vineyard and saw success. She also developed a luxury subdivision with multimillion-dollar homes near Albemarle. When the housing crisis hit, however, everything came to a halt. The houses were unfilled, and Kluge was forced to sell her estate for a fraction of the asking price to pay her debts. It was purchased by future President Donald Trump in 2011.

WorldCom appeared to be a thriving telecom company in the late 1990s, and the company’s CEO, Bernie Ebbers, was worth as much as $1.4 billion — but much of that success had been a sham. Billions in WorldCom’s profits were improperly recorded for the wrong year, and billions in expenses were classified as investments, grossly inflating the company’s profits. All in all, WorldCom’s books were off by $11 billion. The company is now defunct, and Ebbers was sentenced to 25 years in prison. He was released in late 2019 after his lawyers said his health was in decline. Ebbers died in February 2020.

Jocelyn Wildenstein first became a billionaire after receiving an estimated $2.5 billion in a 1999 divorce settlement from her art dealer husband. Wildenstein has been frequently featured in tabloids for her legendary spending habits and her extensive cosmetic surgeries that have netted her the nickname “Catwoman.” She told reporters her net worth dropped after several pieces of art in her trust were found to be forged or worth much less than expected. She has also faced several lawsuits and foreclosures. In 2018, Wildenstein filed for bankruptcy, claiming that she had zero dollars in her bank account.

Chuck Feeney is unique on this list of billionaires who went broke because his substantial net worth loss was intentional. Feeney founded Duty Free Shoppers, the airport retailer, then launched private equity firm General Atlantic, accumulating a net worth of around $8 billion. He decided to give virtually all his money away to various domestic and international charities and philanthropic efforts over his last 40 years or so. In September 2020, Feeney closed down his philanthropy company, having given away his wealth, minus retirement savings for him and his wife.